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In today's digital economy, where many prominent activities are carried out with the help of computer, the need for reliable, simple, flexible and derive theory is a great concern and a enchanting issue for the organisation. Day by day protection breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for derive identification and personal verification technologies is becoming a great concern to the organisation. By measuring something unique about an private and using that to identify, an organisation can dramatically enhance their protection measures. Awareness of protection issues is rapidly expanding among enterprise how they want to protect the information which is a greatest asset that the enterprise possesses. The organisation wants to protect this information from either internal or external threat. protection plays a very prominent role in the organization and to make computer theory secure, various biometric techniques have been developed. Today biometric techniques are a trustworthy method of recognising the identity of a someone based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometrics techniques exploit human's unique corporeal or behavioral traits in order to authenticate people. The features measured are face, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, retinal, voice etc. Biometric authentication is increasingly being used in areas like banking, retailing, defense, manufacturing, health industry, stock exchange, collective sector, airport security, internet protection etc. Biometric technologies are providing a highly-secure identification and personal verification solutions. Biometric techniques are an exertion in providing a robust solution to many enchanting problems in security. Biometrics focuses on the analysis of corporeal or behavioral traits that conclude private identity. Biometrics can he used to verify the identity of an private based on the estimation and analysis of unique corporeal and behavioral data. Indeed, biometrics techniques increasingly are being viewed as the favorite means to confirm an individual's identity accurately.
The history of biometric techniques is not new, it trace its origin from the past. The antique biometric technique which was practiced was a form of finger printing being used in China in the 14th century, as reported by the Portuguese historian Joao de Barros. The Chinese merchants were stamping children's palm and footprints on paper with ink to distinguish the babies from one another. Biometrics the antique Greek word is the compound of two words -bio means life, metric means measurement.It is the study of methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon corporeal or behavioral characterstics. The physiological characterstics are fingerprint, face, hand geometry, Dna and iris recognition. Behavioral are related to the behavior of a someone like signature, study of keystroke, voice etc. Thus a biometric theory is essentially a pattern recognition theory which makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a definite physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. Biometric characteristics are collected using a gadget called a sensor. These sensors are used to derive the data needed for verification or identification and to turn the data to a digital code. The ability of the gadget chosen to capture data has a necessary impact on the recognition results. The devices could be digital cameras for face recognition, ear recognition etc or a telephone for voice recognition etc. A biometric theory operates in verification mode or identification mode. In verification mode the theory validates a someone identity by comparing the captured biometric data with the biometric template stored in the database and is mainly used for certain recognition. In the identification mode the theory captures the biometric data of an private and searches the biometric template of all users in the database till a match is not found.
Different Types Of Biometric Techniques
o Face Recognition
The biometric theory can automatically identify a someone by the face. This technology works by analyzing definite features in the face like - the length in the middle of the eyes, width of the nose, position of cheekbones, jaw line, chin ,unique shape, pattern etc. These systems involve estimation of the eyes, nose, mouth, and other facial features for identification. To growth accuracy these systems also may measure mouth and lip movement.Face recognition captures characteristics of a face either from video or still image and translates unique characteristics of a face into a set of numbers. These data collected from the face are combined in a singular unit that uniquely identifies each person. Sometime the features of the face are analyzed like the ongoing changes in the face while smiling or crying or reacting to dissimilar situation etc.The whole face of the someone is taken into observation or the dissimilar part of the face is taken into observation for the identity of a person. It is highly complicated technology. The data capture by using video or thermal imaging. The user identity is confirmed by finding at the screen. The original advantage to using facial recognition as a biometric authenticator is that citizen are accustomed to presenting their faces for identification and instead of Id card or photo identity card this technique will be useful in identifying a person. As the someone faces changes by the age or someone goes for plastic surgery, in this case the facial recognition algorithm should measure the relative position of ears, noses, eyes and other facial features.
o Hand Geometry:
Hand geometry is techniques that capture the corporeal characteristics of a user's hand and fingers. It analyses finger image ridge endings, bifurcations or branches made by ridges. These systems measure and description the length, width, thickness, and surface area of an individual's hand. It is used in applications like entrance control and time and attendance etc. It is easy to use, relatively cheap and widely accepted. A camera captures a 3 dimensional image of the hand. A verification template is created and stored in the database and is compared to the template at the time of verification of a person. Fingerprint identification.Currently fingerprint readers are being built into computer memory cards for use with laptops or Pcs and also in cellular telephones, and personal digital assistants. It is successfully implemented in the area of corporeal entrance control.
o Eye Recognition:
This technique involves scanning of retina and iris in eye. Retina scan technology maps the capillary pattern of the retina, a thin nerve on the back of the eye. A retina scan measures patterns at over 400 points. It analyses the iris of the eye, which is the colored ring of tissue that surrounds the pupil of the eye. This is a highly mature technology with a proven track description in a estimate of application areas. Retina scanning captures unique pattern of blood vessels where the iris scanning captures the iris. The user must focus on a point and when it is in that position the theory uses a beam of light to capture the unique retina characterstics.It is highly derive and accurate and used heavily in controlled environment. However, it is expensive, derive and requires excellent alignment and ordinarily the user must look in to the gadget with proper concentration. Iris recognition is one of the most trustworthy biometric identification and verification methods. It is used in airports for travellers.Retina scan is used in troops and government organization. Organizations use retina scans primarily for authentication in high-end protection applications to control access, for example, in government buildings, troops operations or other restricted quarters, to authorized personnel only. The unique pattern and characteristics in the human iris remain unchanged throughout one's lifetime and no two persons in the world can have the same iris pattern.
o Voice Biometrics
Voice biometrics, uses the person's voice to verify or identify the person. It verifies as well as identifies the speaker. A microphone on a thorough Pc with software is required to analyze the unique characteristics of the person. Mostly used in telephone-based applications. Voice verification is easy to use and does not wish a great deal of user education. To enroll, the user speaks a given pass phrase into a microphone or telephone handset. The theory then creates a template based on numerous characteristics, including pitch, tone, and shape of larynx. Typically, the enrollment process takes less than a miniature for the user to complete. Voice verification is one of the least intrusive of all biometric methods. Furthermore, voice verification is easy to use and does not wish a great deal of user education.
o Signature Verification
Signature verification technology is the analysis of an individual's written signature, including the speed, acceleration rate, stroke length and pressure applied while the signature. There are dissimilar ways to capture data for analysis i.e. A extra pen can be used to identify and analyze dissimilar movements when writing a signature, the data will then be captured within the pen. information can also be captured within a extra tablet that measures time, pressure, acceleration and the duration the pen touches it .As the user writes on the tablet, the movement of the pen generates sound against paper an is used for verification. An individual's signature can turn over time, however, which can succeed in the theory not recognizing authorized users. Signature systems rely on the gadget like extra tablet, a extra pen etc. When the user signs his name on an electronic pad, rather than merely comparing signatures, the gadget instead compares the direction, speed and pressure of the writing instrument as it moves over the pad.
o Keystroke
This method relies on the fact that every someone has her/his own keyboard-melody, which is analysed when the user types. It measures the time taken by a user in pressing a singular key or searching for a singular key.
Other Biometric Techniques Are
o Vein/vascular patterns: Analyses the
veins in, for example, the hand and the face.
o Nail identification: Analyses the tracks in the nails.
o Dna patterns: it is a very high-priced technique and it takes a long time for verification/identification of a person
o Sweat pore analysis: Analyses the way pores on a finger are located.
o Ear recognition: Shape and size of an ear are unique for every person.
o Odour detection: someone is verified or identified by their smell.
o Walking recognition: It analyses the way the someone walks.
Methods Of Biometric Authentication:
o Verification : is the process of verifying the user is who they claim to be.
o Identification : is the process of identifying the user from a set of known users.
Working Of Biometrics:
All biometric systems works in a four-stage process that consists of the following steps.
o Capture: A biometric theory captures the sample of biometric characteristics like fingerprint, voice etc of the someone who wants to login to the system.
o Extraction: Unique data are extracted from the sample and a template is created. Unique features are then extracted by the theory and converted into a digital biometric code. This sample is then stored as the biometric template for that individual.
o Comparison: The template is then compared with a new sample. The biometric data are then stored as the biometric template or template or reference template for that person.
o Match/non-match: The theory then decides either the features extracted from the new sample are a match or a non-match with the template. When identity needs checking, the someone interacts with the biometric system, a new biometric sample is taken and compared with the template. If the template and the new sample match, the person's identity is confirmed else a non-match is confirmed.
[Biometric Authentication theory and its functional components]
The Biometric authentication theory includes three layered architecture:
o Enroll: A sample is captured from a device, processed into a usable form from which a template is constructed, and returned to the application.
o Verify: One or more samples are captured, processed into a usable form, and then matched against an input template. The results of the comparison are returned.
o Identify: One or more samples are captured, processed into a usable form, and matched against a set of templates. A list is generated to show how close the samples assess against the top candidates in the set.
A biometric template is an individual's sample, a reference data, which is first captured from the superior biometric device. Later, the individual's identity is verified by comparing the subsequent collected data against the individual's biometric template stored in the system. Typically, while the enrollment process, three to four samples may be captured to arrive at a representative template. The resultant biometric templates, as well as the total enrollment process, are key for the total success of the biometric application. If the ability of the template is poor, the user will need to go through re-enrollment again. The template may be stored, within the biometric device, remotely in a central repository or on a movable card.
Storing the template on the biometric gadget has the advantage of fast entrance to the data. There is no dependency on the network or other theory to entrance the template. This method applies well in situations when there are few users of the application. Storing the template in a central repository is a good selection in a high-performance, derive environment. Keep in mind that the size of the biometric template varies from one seller goods to the next and is typically in the middle of 9 bytes and 1.5k. For example, as a fingerprint is scanned, up to 100 minutia points are captured and run against an algorithm to generate a 256-byte binary template. An ideal configuration could be one in which copies of templates related to users are stored locally for fast access, while others are downloaded from the theory if the template cannot be found locally.
Storing the template on a card or a token has the advantage that the user carries his or her template with them and can use it at any authorized reader position. Users might prefer this method because they utter control and proprietary of their template. However, if the token is lost or damaged, the user would need to re-enroll. If the user base does not object to warehouse of the templates on the network, then an ideal solution would be to store the template on the token as well as the network. If the token is lost or damaged, the user can contribute thorough identity information to entrance the information based on the template that can be accessed on the network. The enrollment time is the time it takes to enroll or register a user to the biometric system. The enrollment time depends on a estimate of variables such as: users' taste with the gadget or use of convention software or type of information collected at the time of enrollment
Biometric operation Measures:
o False acceptance rate (Far) or False match rate (Fmr): the probability that the theory incorrectly declares a victorious match in the middle of the input pattern and a non-matching pattern in the database. It measures the percent of invalid matches. These systems are necessary since they are ordinarily used to forbid certain actions by disallowed people.
o False reject rate (Frr) or False non-match rate (Fnmr): the probability that the theory incorrectly declares failure of match in the middle of the input pattern and the matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs being rejected.
o Receiver (or relative) operating characteristic (Roc): In general, the matching algorithm performs a decision using some parameters (e.g. A threshold). In biometric systems the Far and Frr can typically be traded off against each other by changing those parameters. The Roc plot is obtained by graphing the values of Far and Frr, changing the variables implicitly. A tasteless distinction is the Detection error trade-off (Det), which is obtained using normal deviate scales on both axes.
o Equal error rate (Eer): The rates at which both accept and reject errors are equal. Roc or Det plotting is used because how Far and Frr can be changed, is shown clearly. When quick comparison of two systems is required, the Err is ordinarily used. Obtained from the Roc plot by taking the point where Far and Frr have the same value. The lower the Eer, the more accurate the theory is determined to be.
o Failure to enroll rate (Fte or Fer): the ration of data input is determined invalid and fails to input into the system. Failure to enroll happens when the data obtained by the sensor are determined invalid or of poor quality.
o Failure to capture rate (Ftc): Within automatic systems, the probability that the theory fails to detect a biometric characteristic when presented correctly.
o Template capacity: the maximum estimate of sets of data which can be input in to the system.
For example, operation parameters related with the fingerprint reader may be:
o a false acceptance rate of less than or equal to 0.01 percent
o a false rejection rate of less than 1.4 percent
o the image capture area is 26×14 mm.
Obviously, these two measures should be as low as potential to avoid authorized user rejection but keep out unauthorized users. In applications with medium protection level a 10% False Rejection Error will be unacceptable, where false acceptance rate error of 5% is acceptable.
False Acceptance When a biometric theory incorrectly identifies an private or incorrectly verifies an impostor against a claimed identity. Also known as a Type Ii error. False Acceptance Rate/Far
The probability that a biometric theory will incorrectly identify an private or will fail to reject an impostor. Also known as the Type Ii error rate.
It is stated as follows:
Far = Nfa / Niia or Far = Nfa / Niva
where Far is the false acceptance rate
Nfa is the estimate of false acceptances
Niia is the estimate of impostor identification attempts
Niva is the estimate of impostor verification attempts
False Rejection Rate/Frr The probability that a biometric theory will fail to identify an enrollee, or verify the legitimate claimed identity of an enrollee. Also known as a Type I error rate.
It is stated as follows:
Frr = Nfr / Neia or Frr = Nfr / Neva
where Frr is the false rejection rate
Nfr is the estimate of false rejections
Neia is the estimate of enrollee identification attempts
Neva is the estimate of enrollee verification attempts
Crossover Error Rate (Cer)
Represents the point at which the false reject rate = the false acceptance rate.
Stated in percentage
Good for comparing dissimilar biometrics systems
A theory with a Cer of 3 will be more accurate than a theory with a Cer of 4
Biometrics Use In Industry
Punjab National Bank (Pnb) installed its first biometric Atm at a community in Gautam Budh Nagar (Up) to spread financial inclusion. "The move would help illiterate and semi-literate customers to do banking transaction any time.
Union Bank of India biometric smart cards launched. Hawkers and small traders could avail loan from the bank using the card.
In Coca-Cola Co., hand-scanning machines are used to replace the time card monitoring for the workers. In New Jersey and six other states, fingerprint scanners are now used to crack down on citizen claiming welfare benefits under two dissimilar names.
In Cook County, Illinois, a sophisticated camera that analyzes the iris patterns of an individual's eyeball is helping ensure that the right citizen are released from jail. At Purdue University in Indiana, the campus credit union is installing automatic teller machines with a finger scanner that will eliminate the need for plastic bankcards and personal identification numbers.
MasterCard International Inc. And Visa Usa Inc., the world's two largest credit card companies, have begun to study the feasibility of using finger-scanning devices at the point of sale to verify that the card user is certainly the card holder. The scanners would assess fingerprints with biometric information stored on a microchip embedded in the credit card.
Walt Disney World in Orlando has started taking hand scans of citizen who purchase yearly passes. These visitors now must pass through a scanner when entering the park preventing them from lending their passes to other people.
The technology also received total concentration at summer's Olympic Games Atlanta, where 65,000 athletes, coaches and officials used a hand-scanning theory to enter the Olympic Village.
Selection of Biometric Techniques:
There are a lot of decision factors for selecting a singular biometric technology for a definite application.
1. Economic Feasibility or Cost:-The cost of biometric theory implementation has decreased recently; it is still a major wall for many companies. original authentication systems, such as passwords and Pin, wish relatively miniature training, but this is not the case with the most ordinarily used biometric systems. Plane operation of those systems requires training for both systems administrators and users.
2. Risk Analysis:-Error rates and the types of errors vary with the biometrics deployed and the circumstances of deployment. certain types of errors, such as false matches, may pose basic risks to enterprise security, while other types of errors may cut productivity and growth costs. Businesses planning biometrics implementation will need to think the thorough error threshold.
3. Perception of Users:-Users ordinarily view behavior-based biometrics such as voice recognition and signature verification as less intrusive and less privacy-threatening than physiology-based biometrics.
4. TechnoSocio Feasibility:-Organizations should focus on the user-technology interface and the conditions in the organizational environment that may affect the technology's performance. The organization should generate awareness among the users how to use the techniques and should overcome the psychological factors as user fears about the technology. organization has to also think the privacy proprietary of users while implementing the biometric techniques.
5. Security: Biometric techniques should have high protection standards if they will be implemented in high derive environment. The biometric techniques should be evaluated on the basis of their features, potential risk and area of application, and subjected to a total risk analysis.
6. User amiable and collective acceptability -Biometric techniques should be robust and user amiable to use and they should function reliably for a long duration of time. The techniques should not divide the community into two group i.e. Digital and non digital society.
7. Legal Feasibility-Government has to form a regulatory statutory framework for the use of biometric techniques in various market applications. It should form a thorough regulatory framework for use of these techniques in market applications or transactions. If required the framework has to be regulated and changed time to time.
8. Privacy-As biometric techniques rely on personal corporeal characteristics, an act has to be made to protect the individual's privacy data not to be used by other. A data protection law has to be created in order to protect the person's privacy data.
Criteria for evaluating biometric technologies.
The reliability and acceptance of a theory depends on the effectiveness of the system, how the theory is protected against unauthorized modification, knowledge or use, how the systems contribute solutions to the threats and its ability and effectiveness to identify system's abuses.
These biometric methods use data compression algorithms, protocols and codes. These algorithms can be classified in three categories:
o Statistical modeling methods,
o Dynamic programming,
o Neural networks.
The mathematical tools used in biometric procedure need to be evaluated. Mathematical analysis and proofs of the algorithms need to be evaluated by experts on the singular fields. If algorithms implement "wrong" mathematics then the algorithms are wrong and the systems based on these algorithms are vulnerable. If the algorithms used in the biometric methods have "leaks", or if productive decoding algorithms can be found then the biometric methods themselves are vulnerable and thus the systems based on these methods come to be unsafe.
Different algorithms offer dissimilar degrees of security, it depends on how hard they are to break. If the cost required to break an algorithm is greater than the value of the data then we are probably safe. In our case where biometric methods are used in financial transactions where a lot of money is complicated it makes it worth it for an intruder to spend the money for cryptanalysis.
The cryptographic algorithms or techniques used to implement the algorithms and protocols can be vulnerable to attacks. Attacks can also be conceived against the protocols themselves or aged thorough algorithms. Thus criteria should be set for the proper estimation of the biometric methods addressing these theoretical concerns.
The estimation of the biometric systems is based on their implementation. There are four basic steps in the implementation of the biometric systems which enforce the formation of evaluative criteria.
o Capture of the users attribute.
o Template generation of the users attribute.
o Comparison of the input with the stored template for the authorized user.
o Decision on entrance acceptance or rejection.
Applications of biometric techniques
Biometrics is an emerging technology which has been widely used in dissimilar organization for the protection purpose. Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized entrance to Atms, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop Pcs, workstations, and computer networks. It can be used while transactions conducted via telephone and Internet (electronic manufactures and electronic banking). Due to increased protection threats, many countries have started using biometrics for border control and national Id cards. The use of biometric identification or verification systems are widely used in dissimilar clubs as well as the government agencies. The applications where biometric technique has its nearnessy are
o Identity cards and passports.
o Banking, using Atms, Accessing Network Resource
o Physical entrance control of buildings, areas, doors and cars.
o Personal identification
o Equipment entrance control
o Electronic entrance to services (e-banking, e-commerce)
o Travel and Transportation, Sporting Event
o Border control
o Banking and finance, Shopping Mall
o Airport security
o Cyber security
o Time supervision in Organization
o Voice Recognition(Telebanking)
o Prison visitor monitoring system.
o Voting System
Prospects of Biometric Techniques:
The biometric manufactures is at an infancy stage in India, but is growing fast to capture the whole market. This technique is expanding both into incommunicable and collective areas of application. Biometric applications need to interconnect to many devices and heritage applications. The manufactures store and buyer markets are adopting biometric technologies for increased protection and convenience. With the decreasing price of biometric solutions and improved technology, more organization is coming send to implement this technology. The lack of a thorough regulatory framework is a major drawback in implementing biometrics in organisation.It is not widely thorough by the users because some organization and community have the belief that this technology is inappropriate and the privacy data of the users are lost. If proper regulatory framework is not established it will not be thorough by the organization as well as by the user. The devices artificial for biometric techniques has to comply with standards Increased It spending in the government and financial sector offers good opportunities for such deployments. Even though there are no global mandated or regulatory frame works as of now, they are foreseen, to arrive very soon.
Standarad law and regulation will open a wide store for biometrics in electronic legal and market transactions.
The anti-terrorism act has introduced has a wide scope for the biometric techniques to be implemented.
Consumer privacy data has to be protected in order to be widely thorough by the user.
Integration of biometric with dissimilar heritage application and hardware.
Biometric technique has a great question in the telecommunication domain.
The notebook and laptop maker has already implemented the biometric techniques like finger printing for the enhancement of the security.
The biometric manufactures must address major challenges related to performance, real-world utility, and potential privacy impact in order for biometrics to reach their full potential
Many clubs are also implementing biometric technologies to derive areas, utter time records, and enhance user convenience.
An enchanting biometric application is linking biometrics to credit cards.
Other financial transactions could advantage from biometrics, e.g., voice verification when banking by phone, fingerprint validation for e-commerce, etc. The store is huge, and covers a very wide range of hardware, applications and services.
Conclusion:
The future of this technology is booming. With the rapid growth of fraud and theft in market transaction; it is a great concern for the organization to use biometric as key instrument in eliminating the fraud and flaws in the original protection approach. Both businesses and consumers are anxious for greater protection in market transactions. The technology is increasingly trustworthy and affordable, and the question of the legal enforceability of electronic contracts is settled. While consumers identify the benefits of biometric authentication, they are reluctant to fully accept the technology without enough assurances that clubs will keep their biometric information confidential and subject to various safeguards and the existing law provides a miniature measure of protection for biometric information so greater protection should be offered to consumers so that their personal information is not misused. Biometrics will play vital roles in the next generation of automatic identification system. Biometric identifiers must be determined when implementing a biometric-based identification system. The applicability of definite biometric techniques depends heavily on the application domain. Biometrics must be implemented properly to be productive and the consequences considered. Biometrics will come to be increasingly prevalent in day-to-day activities where proper identification is required. The real future of the technology lies in creating a biometric trust infrastructure that allows incommunicable sector and the collective sector to deal with protection needs. Ultimately, such an infrastructure would allow citizen to move to various locations worldwide while maintaining their protection clearance as defined by their physiological and behavioral identities.
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